Many practitioners do not fully understand why epidural blocks, unlike spinal blocks, are segmental and why older people are less prone to postdural puncture headache. This tutorial explains the microanatomic basis for these and many other questions.

This text tutorial digs into the causes why continuous nerve blocks fail, by explaining the “new” discoveries of the Anderson and Reina groups of the circumneurium and why it is important.

As more and more becomes known of the microanatomy of the brachial plexus, and more important the fascia layers that surround the roots and trunks and cord, we understand better how and why devastating complications still occur and why continuous nerve blocks fail. This text tutorial explains the microanatomical basis of safe and effective brachial plexus blockade.